Irregular periods in teens are normal in the initial years of menstruation, and they become regular over time (1). However, it is recommended to visit a gynecologist to ensure that these menstrual irregularities are not due to underlying conditions such as anatomical anomalies or hormonal imbalances. Causes of irregular menstruation in girls can range from hormonal changes to less calorie intake and excessive physical activity. Keep reading to know the causes, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of irregular periods in teens and when to seek medical care.
What Are Irregular Periods?
A menstrual cycle is considered irregular if it lasts longer or shorter than the average. Teenagers may have variations in menstrual cycles due to hormonal influences. The interval between regular periods ranges from 20 to 45 days, with an average of 32 days, during the first two years after the menarche (first period). Later on, the typical length of cycles can range from 21 to 34 days, with an average of 28 days (2). Irregular periods are different from amenorrhea (missed period). However, the factors contributing to irregular periods may also play a role in the development of amenorrhea. Amenorrhea can be of two types (1):
Primary amenorrhea, where a girl does not get her first period by the age of 15
Secondary amenorrhea, where, after starting to menstruate, she misses the period for more than three months. This may be due to physical or emotional factors.
Causes Of Irregular Periods In Teens
In most cases, it is normal for teenagers to have irregular periods as part of bodily changes, and they resolve as they get older. The following are the reasons for irregular menstruation in a teen (3): Heavy menstrual bleeding and abnormal uterine bleeding may occur in teens due to conditions such as blood coagulation disorders, ovarian problems, or hormonal variations. Note: Amenorrhea or missed periods can be caused by the above-listed factors. Seek medical help if your teen has menstrual irregularities or missed menstruation.
Complications Of Irregular Periods In Teens
Irregular periods in a teen may increase the risk of developing (2):
Anemia: If your teen has frequent and heavy menstruation, there is a risk of anemia due to blood loss.
Thinning of bones: Often, irregular or missed periods are associated with low estrogen levels. This may result in osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) over time and make them vulnerable to fractures.
Fertility problems: Irregular periods could continue until the reproductive years and may interfere with fertility.
Although irregular periods are normal in most teens and disappear after a few years, it could impact the quality of life. Seek medical help to identify and treat the underlying causes to prevent complications.
When To See A Doctor?
Seek medical consultation at menarche itself. You may also visit the doctor if you are concerned about the irregular cycles in your teen. The following changes may require the consultation of a gynecologist (3):
Regular cycle changes to irregular Periods occur in less than 20 days There is more than 45 days gap between cycles Menstruation lasts more than seven days Experiences severe cramping or abdominal pain Bleeds between periods
Has amenorrhea (no menstruation for 90 days or three months) Has menorrhagia (heavy bleeding), soaking more than one pad in one to two hours A personal or family history of bleeding disorders A possibility of pregnancy Excess body and facial hair growth
Early diagnosis and treatment may help to improve the outcome if a teenager has menstrual problems due to some underlying conditions.
Diagnosis Of Irregular Periods In Teenagers
Your doctor diagnoses irregular periods by evaluating the patterns of cycles and health history. It will be easier to diagnose if you have a menstrual chart or calendar. Your doctor may order the following tests to identify the causes of irregular menstruation (4):
Blood tests: The hormonal levels and coagulation time of blood can be obtained from blood tests. These may also help identify pregnancy and complications of heavy bleeding, such as anemia.
Pelvic ultrasound: The sonographic imaging of the pelvic area could help identify any physical abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
Note: Charting menstrual days can be helpful to identify irregularities of cycles. You may encourage your teen to do this on a menstrual calendar.
Treatment For Irregular Periods In Teens
Irregular periods may not require treatment in most teens. The doctor may suggest lifestyle changes such as following a healthy diet, exercising, etc., to maintain healthy body weight and nutritional status. However, if the menstrual irregularities interfere with her quality of life and can not be managed, hormonal treatment, including cyclic progesterone and oral contraceptives, may be prescribed. If her period problems are due to underlying diseases, your teen may require treatment for those.. This could include a correction of the thyroid hormones, injection of clotting factors for bleeding disorders, psychotherapy, and medications for eating disorders. Surgical interventions are recommended for menstrual irregularities caused by structural abnormalities (5).
Home Remedies For Irregular Periods In Teens
If your teen has irregular menstruation due to lifestyle factors, you may encourage them to develop new healthy habits. The following lifestyle changes could help reduce the chances of menstrual abnormalities (6):
Performing moderate-intensity exercises Maintaining a healthy weight Consuming less sugar and carbohydrates Including nutritious foods in the diet Managing stress
Encourage your teen to follow a healthy lifestyle. You may explain to them the importance of good habits.
